brain innards

forensicsandpathology:

10 Leading causes of Mortality

10.Septicemia and Neonatal Infections

Sepsis is a serious medical condition that is characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state (called a systemic inflammatory response syndrome or SIRS) and the presence of a known or suspected infection. Related condition when occurs with neonates is called neonatal infection. Neonates are prone to infection in the first month of life. Some organisms such as S. agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) or (GBS) are more prone to cause these occasionally fatal infections. Risk factors for GBS infection include: prematurity, a sibling who has had a GBS infection and prolonged labour or rupture of membranes. Untreated sexually transmitted infections are associated with congenital and perinatal infections in neonates, particularly in the areas where rates of infection remain high. The overall perinatal mortality rate associated with untreated syphilis, for example, approached 40%.

9. Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis or TB is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans.Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air, when people who have the disease cough, sneeze, or spit. Most infections in humans result in an asymptomatic, latent infection, and about one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of its victims. A third of the world’s population are thought to be infected with M. tuberculosis,and new infections occur at a rate of about one per second. The proportion of people who become sick with tuberculosis each year is stable or falling worldwide but, because of population growth, the absolute number of new cases is still increasing. Recent stats show there were an estimated 13.7 million chronic active cases, 9.3 million new cases, and 1.8 million deaths, mostly in developing countries. In addition, more people in the developed world are contracting tuberculosis because their immune systems are compromised by immunosuppressive drugs, substance abuse, or AIDS. The distribution of tuberculosis is not uniform across the globe; about 80% of the population in many Asian and African countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5-10% of the US population test positive.

8. Diarrheal Diseases

Diarrhea is defined by the World Health Organization as having 3 or more loose or liquid stools per day, or as having more stools than is normal for that person. It is thus the condition of having three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day. It is a common cause of death in developing countries and the second most common cause of infant deaths worldwide. The loss of fluids through diarrhea can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. In 2009 diarrhea was estimated to have caused 1.1 million deaths in people aged 5 and over and 1.5 million deaths in children under the age of 5. Oral rehydration salts and zinc tablets are the treatment of choice and have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years.

7. Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias

Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (SDAT) or simply Alzheimer’s, is the most common form of dementia. This incurable, degenerative, and terminal disease was first described by German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 and was named after him. Generally, it is diagnosed in people over 65 years of age,^] although the less-prevalent early-onset Alzheimer’s can occur much earlier. In 2006, there were 26.6 million sufferers worldwide. Alzheimer’s is predicted to affect 1 in 85 people globally by 2050. The cause and progression of Alzheimer’s disease are not well understood. Research indicates that the disease is associated with plaques and tangles in the brain. Currently used treatments offer a small symptomatic benefit; no treatments to delay or halt the progression of the disease are as yet available. As of 2008, more than 500 clinical trials have been conducted for identification of a possible treatment for AD, but it is unknown if any of the tested intervention strategies will show promising results.

6. Accident (Unintentional Injuries)

Accidents have been a major cause of death since the population rise. Most would include in the roadside accidents but many other unintentional causes are within this category like accidental poisoning, drowning etc. An accident is a specific, unidentifiable, unexpected, unusual and unintended external action which occurs in a particular time and place, with no apparent and deliberate cause but with marked effects. It implies a generally negative outcome which may have been avoided or prevented had circumstances leading up to the accident been recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrence. Experts in the field of injury prevention avoid use of the term ‘accident’ to describe events that cause injury in an attempt to highlight the predictable and preventable nature of most injuries. Such incidents are viewed from the perspective of epidemiology – predictable and preventable. Preferred words are more descriptive of the event itself, rather than of its unintended nature (e.g., collision, drowning, fall, etc.) However, together this umbrella term is the 6th leading cause of death worldwide.

5. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can involve intercourse, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids. AIDS is now a pandemic. In 2007, it was estimated that 33.2 million people lived with the disease worldwide, and that AIDS killed an estimated 2.1 million people, including 330,000 children. Over three-quarters of these deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa. Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s. Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is currently no known cure or vaccine. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries.

4. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Lower respiratory tract is the part of the respiratory tract below the vocal cords. While often used as a synonym for pneumonia, the rubric of lower respiratory tract infection can also be applied to other types of infection including lung abscess and acute bronchitis. Symptoms include shortness of breath, weakness, high fever, coughing and fatigue. Lower respiratory tract infections place a considerable strain on the health budget and are generally more serious than upper respiratory infections. Since 1993 there has been a slight reduction in the total number of deaths from lower respiratory tract infection. However, they are still the leading cause of deaths among all infectious diseases, and they accounted for 3.9 million deaths worldwide and 6.9% of all deaths. There are a number of acute and chronic infections that can affect the lower respiratory tract. The two most common infections are bronchitis and pneumonia.

3. Stroke

A stroke (sometimes called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)) is the rapidly developing loss of brain function(s) due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This can be due to ischemia (lack of blood flow) caused by blockage (thrombosis, arterial embolism), or a hemorrhage (leakage of blood). As a result, the affected area of the brain is unable to function, leading to inability to move one or more limbs on one side of the body, inability to understand or formulate speech, or inability to see one side of the visual field. A stroke is a medical emergency and can cause permanent neurological damage, complications, and even death. It is the leading cause of adult disability in the United States and Europe and it is the number three cause of death worldwide. Risk factors for stroke include advanced age, hypertension (high blood pressure), previous stroke, diabetes, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking and atrial fibrillation. High blood pressure is the most important modifiable risk factor of stroke.

2. Cancer

Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth (division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood). These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited, and do not invade or metastasize. Most cancers form a tumor but some, like leukemia, do not. The branch of medicine concerned with the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer is oncology. Cancer affects people at all ages with the risk for most types increasing with age. Cancer cause about 13% of all human deaths.

1. Heart Disease

Heart disease or cardiopathy is an umbrella term for a variety of different diseases affecting the heart. As of latest stats, it is the leading cause of death in the United States, England, Canada and Wales, accounting for 25.4% of the total deaths in the United States. Among different hear diseases, over 459,000 Americans die of coronary heart disease every year. In the United Kingdom, 101,000 deaths annually are due to coronary heart disease, which refers to the failure of the coronary circulation to supply adequate circulation to cardiac muscle and surrounding tissue. Besides that a number of people die each year of cardiomyopathies, heart failure, and hypertensive heart disease.

malformalady:

Slit pupil

zygoma:

Connie Culp was shot in the face by her husband in a failed murder-suicide in September 2004. She later became the first United States recipient of a face transplant, performed at the Cleveland Clinic in December 2008.

Her husband, Tom Culp, also survived and is now serving a seven year prison sentence for aggravated attempted murder.

(via serial-killers-101)

forensicsandpathology:

Rigor mortis in the lower limbs.

Rigor mortis is a Latin phrase meaning stiffness in death. After three to four hours, the muscles of a human corpse will become stiff, generally beginning with the facial muscles, and they will then reach maximum stiffness after twelve hours; at this point, the stiffness will then gradually dissipate. The exact rate at which this occurs, however, will depend upon environmental conditions, weight, age, gender and muscle mass.

Rigor mortis occurs because the muscles contract and the joints become locked in place. Once death is evident, the body can no longer control the transport of calcium ions and thus they flow into the muscle cells and cause contraction. Moreover, the muscles require adenosine triphosphate (ATP, a form of energy) in order to relax a muscle contraction. This production of ATP is, obviously, halted in death and the muscles cannot relax until they themselves begin to decay (approximately 48-60 hours after death). 

criminalprofiler:

Juvenile Fire-Setting

Fire-setting is best understood as part of a process, not merely an act. Research of 1,200 juvenile fire-setters in Fresno found a disturbing pattern of psychopathology within the families of fire-setters. Family dysfunction included: low marital satisfaction, little or no display of affection, ineffectual role modelling, and excessive physical force in disciplining children (Hickey, 1996). Children frequently report deep feelings of maternal or paternal rejection or neglect. Juvenile fire-setters commonly report: anxiety, depression, and resentment when feelings of abandonment surface about their relationship with parents or significant others. In turn, the perceived rejection: affects self-esteem, fosters feelings of anger, hatred, and revenge fantasies. Similar to profiles in psychopathy, fire-setters: have less capacity for internalization, are less able to tolerate anxiety, and are less empathetic and able to form attachments to others. They are often diagnosed as having a Conduct Disorder and display Antisocial Personality characteristics. Incapable of feeling adequate remorse or guilt, juvenile fire-setters are more prone to be in conflict with authority figures.

The most common psychological and behavioral problems observed in the Fresno group of juvenile fire-setters were:

• learning problems
• poor school behavior
• poor concentration
• lying
• excessive anger
• fighting with siblings
• disobedient
• influenced by peers
• attention seeking
• impulsive
• impatient
• preoccupied with fire
• very unhappy in dysfunctioning family
• pronounced need for security and affection

(when talking about kids, the term “fire-setting” is normally used, and the term “arson” is used more often when referring to adults)

(via serial-killers-101)

malformalady:

Marbling is a characteristic of postmortem decomposition associated with bacterial gas formation and swelling of the body. It is produced by hemolysis of blood in vessels with the reaction of hemoglobin and hydrogen sulfide and the development of greenish-black discoloration of the vessels, as shown in the photograph above.

serial-killers-101:

The Garrote 

The victim was locked into a seat with his back against a flat surface or a metal rod. His neck was strapped with leather, string or a metal band, attached to a wheel or crank in the back. The wheel would turn so his neck was crushed agonizingly slowly, eventually suffocating him to death. Variations of the garrote included a spike or blade which would penetrate the spine as the wheel turned to break the neck quicker or severe the spinal column. The kill was quick and silent; both appealing traits when you’ve got a lot of people to torture.

The Spanish perfected the instrument, but it was popular in many cultures. It was last used in 1975 when a student was executed by use of the garrote, only to be later found innocent.

forensicsandpathology:

A larger left-sided subdural hematoma and smaller posterior area of subarachnoid hemorrhage due to blunt head trauma.

(via indiangeek)

forensicsandpathology:

Definitions of Types of Death

In a practical sense, however, the exact moment at which a person is “dead” is an argument over a very fine point indeed. The fact remains that humans do die. Death does eventually occur at some point. But there are many types of death, and it’s good to know some definitions.

Necrobiosis. Individual cells die all the time. The cells in your body today weren’t there years ago, except your nerve cells. Necrobiosis is the death of cells over the lifespan of an organism. After necrobiosis, a cell is replaced with a new one in a continual process throughout a human’s life.

Necrosis. When many cells die at once, it isn’t the normal continual necrobiosis of life. Necrosis is the death of an organ or part of an organ. In medicine this is called infarction (yes, that’s how it’s supposed to be spelled.)

Clinical Death. No breathing, no circulation, and no brain activity characterize clinical death. But that’s only half. The other side, the most integral part which separates clinical death from somatic death, is that clinical death begins at the very onset of the symptoms of death, say right after cardiac arrest has cause the heart to stop. It lasts for about four minutes, and it is the interval in which life can be brought back through CPR. After a short few minutes, death is permanent, because the state of the body has gone from clinical death to…

Brain Death. A brain deprived of oxygen survives for 3 to 7 minutes, making it the first organ to die when circulation or respiration ceases or is impeded, whatever the cause of trouble may be. After a few minutes, the brain can’t be brought back to life by any means available today. This is brain death, and it’s the reason why clinical death, the period in which a person can be resuscitated, is so short. Once the brain goes, the heart doesn’t know how to pump and the lungs don’t know how to breath.

Somatic death. Eventually an organism ceases to be in the process of dying and proceeds to be dead. Somatic death is the death— the permanent, irreversible death— of an organism as a whole. In humans it is usually after brain death, as the other vital organs are unable to function without the brain. With modern technology, though, one can be brain dead but still have circulation and respiration artificially. In such a case one isn’t somatically dead because other organs are still alive. Once artificial support is removed somatic death occurs, because the person is then entirely and completely inactive with regard to brain, circulation, and respiration.

criminalprofiler:

Disorganized/asocial offenders

• The disorganized offender is more likely have low intelligence
• They commit crimes impulsively, primarily when an opportunity arises
• Victims will be attacked suddenly and without warning; the offender may leap out and attack
• The disorganized offender may conduct rituals after the victim is dead (necrophilia, mutilation, and cannibalism are examples)
• This offender will rarely worry about covering their tracks.  They evade capture for a period of time primarily due to the anonymity of the crime (stranger on stranger)
• The disorganized offender is frequently introverted; someone who is socially inadequate with few friends and may have a history of mental problems.
• An example of serial killers who we consider to be disorganized would be:

Richard Chase, Herbert Mullin, David Berkowitz, Ed Gein

(via serial-killers-101)